Understanding the Self Reviewer

Short Reviewer about Understanding the Self

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE

Instructions: Choose the correct answer.

(1) According to him virtue is necessary to attain happiness.

(a) Plato

(b) Sigmund Freud

(c) Socrates

(d) Aristotle

Correct Answer: (c) Socrates

Explanation: Socrates view of the relation between virtue and happiness is sometimes stated like this: virtue is both necessary and sufficient for happiness. Virtue is necessary for happiness in the sense that you can t truly be happy without being virtuous.

(2) What is the Latin term of Socratic Method?

(a) Elenchus

(b) Cogito

(c) Sophia

(d) Philo

Correct Answer: (a) Elenchus

Explanation: The Socratic method (also known as method of Elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate) is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions.

(3) He believed that our soul is immortal and it is one of our essential qualities as a human being.

(a) Plato

(b) Socrates

(c) Kant

(d) St. Augustine

Correct Answer: (b) Socrates

Explanation: Socrates was the first thinker in Western history to focus the full power of reason on the human self: who we are, who we should be, and who we will become. Socrates was convinced that, in addition to our physical bodies, each person possesses an immortal soul that survives beyond the death of the body.

(4) This philosopher is greatly influenced by Socrates.

(a) Plato

(b) St. Augustine

(c) Aristotle

(d) Alan Watts

Correct Answer: (a) Plato

Explanation: Socrates was the inspiration for Plato, the thinker widely held to be the founder of the Western philosophical tradition. Plato in turn served as the teacher of Aristotle, thus establishing the famous triad of ancient philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

(5) A theory that asserted the reality exist beyond the physical world that we know.

(a) Theory of Skepticism

(b) Theory of Evolution

(c) Theory of Collection

(d) Theory of Forms

Correct Answer: (d) Theory of Forms

Explanation: Plato's Theory of Forms asserts that the physical world is not really the 'real' world; instead, ultimate reality exists beyond our physical world. Plato discusses this theory in a few different dialogues, including the most famous one, called 'The Republic'.

(6) According to him Self is an immaterial soul.

(a) St. Augustine

(b) Plato

(c) Rene Descartes

(d) Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Correct Answer: (a) St. Augustine

Explanation: Augustine took from Plato the view that the human self is an immaterial soul that can think. Plato held that after death the souls of those who most love the forms would rise to contemplate the eternal truths, a sort of heaven beyond space and time.

(7)  He proposed that a doubt was a principal tool of disciplined inquiry.

(a) Rene Descartes

(b) Alan Watts

(c) David Hume

(d) Sigmund Freud

Correct Answer: (a) Rene Descartes

Explanation: Descartes proposed that doubt was a principal tool of disciplined inquiry, yet he could not doubt that he doubted. He reasoned that if he doubted, he was thinking, and therefore he must exist. Thus existence depended upon perception.

(8) He believed that we are born in this world that our mind is empty or a blank state.

(a) Maurice Merleau-Ponty

(b) Paul Churchland

(c) Immanuel Kant

(d) John Locke

Correct Answer: (d) John Locke

Explanation: Locke believed that the child is born with a blank mind (tabula rasa or blank slate), that he gains knowledge through his sense experiences, and that he improves upon that knowledge through reflection.

(9) According to this movement, the origin of all knowledge is sensed experience.

(a) Existentialism

(b) None of the above

(c) Empiricism

(d) Rationalism

Correct Answer: (c) Empiricism

Explanation: Empiricism is the theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. It emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, and argues that the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori (i.e. based on experience).

(10) According to him the self is not in the body and it does not have the qualities of the body.

(a) Maurice Merleau-Ponty

(b) Sigmund Freud

(c) Immanuel Kant

(d) Paul Churchland

Correct Answer: (c) Immanuel Kant

Explanation: Kant's view of the self is transcendental(self is related to spiritual or nonphysical realm). Self is not the body; it is outside the body and does not have the qualities of the body. Kant proposed that it is knowledge which bridge the self and the material things together. 

(11) It is the self by which we are aware of alterations in our own state.

(a) Inner Self

(b) Self

(c) Outer Self

(d) Unconscious

Correct Answer: (a) Inner Self

Explanation: The inner self is an individual's personal, internal identity - one that is distinct from identities defined by external, social forces and relationships. It is closely linked to a person's values, beliefs, goals and motivations.

(12) He is known in his Psychoanalysis that became groundbreaking among other philosophers when it comes to the study of the mind.

(a) Sigmund Freud

(b) David Hume

(c) Paul Churchland

(d) Alan Watts

Correct Answer: (a) Sigmund Freud

Explanation: Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis and, over his immensely productive and extraordinary career, developed groundbreaking theories about the nature and workings of the human mind, which went on to have an immeasurable impact on both psychology and Western culture as a whole.

(13) It usually means “Love of Wisdom” or “Loving of Knowledge”.

(a) Ecology

(b) Physiology

(c) Philosophy

(d) Psychology

Correct Answer: (c) Philosophy

Explanation: The word of Philosophy literally means "Love" (philo in greek) of "Wisdom" (Sophia). So a philosopher is somebody who loves wisdom.

(14) His idea is eliminative materialism or his philosophy stands on materialistic view.

(a) Paul Churchland

(b) Maurice Ponty

(c) David Hume

(d) Immanuel Kant

Correct Answer: (a) Paul Churchland

Explanation: Paul Churchland Eliminative Materialism (1984). Eliminative materialism (or eliminativism) is the radical claim that our ordinary, common-sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of. the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist.

(15) He insisted that mind and body are intrinsically connected.

(a) Paul Churchland

(b) Maurice Ponty

(c) David Hume

(d) Immanuel Kant

Correct Answer: (b) Maurice Ponty

Explanation: Maurice Ponty rejected the Cartesian mind-body dualism and insisted that the mind and the body are intrinsically connected. he added that the body is not a mere "house" where the mind resides, rather, it is through the lived experienced of the body that you perceive, are informed, and interact with the world.

II. TRUE OR FALSE

(1) According to Sigmund Freud ID has a contact to reality

(a) True

(b) False

Correct Answer: (b) False

Explanation: The ID is not affected by reality, logic or the everyday world, as it operates within the unconscious part of the mind. The id operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920) which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences.

(2) Rational part of our soul should rule over other parts of the soul.

(a) True

(b) False

Correct Answer: (a) True

Explanation: The rational part seeks truth and uses logical thinking. Plato's three parts of the soul are present in every person and none of them can be eliminated, although only one part of the soul can rule the whole at any given time. For Plato, a just person and a just city will be ruled by the rational part.

(3) We can say that we are conscious if we can perform apperception.

(a) True

(b) False

Correct Answer: (a) True

Explanation: Apperception is the apprehension of a mental state – a representation, in Kant's terminology – as one's own; one might characterize it as the self-ascription or self-attribution of a mental state

(4) Super-ego works with the reality principle.

(a) True

(b) False

Correct Answer: (b) False

Explanation: The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.

(5) Unconscious mind includes something that we conceal.

(a) True

(b) False

Correct Answer: (a) True

Explanation: The unconscious can include repressed feelings, hidden memories, habits, thoughts, desires, and reactions. Memories and emotions that are too painful, embarrassing, shameful, or distressing to consciously face are stored in the enormous reservoir that makes up the unconscious mind.

III. IDENTIFICATION

(1) ________ is a systematic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s belief.

Correct Answer: Cartesian Doubt

Explanation: Cartesian doubt is a systematic process of being skeptical about (or doubting) the truth of one's beliefs, which has become a characteristic method in philosophy. 

(2) ________ is a theory that described the self as collection of different perception that moving in a very fast successive manner.

Correct Answer: Bundle Theory

Explanation: Bundle Theory, Theory advanced by David Hume to the effect that the mind is merely a bundle of perceptions without deeper unity or cohesion, related only by resemblance, succession, and causation.

(3) ________ is the most divine aspect of human being.

Correct Answer: Soul

Explanation: In theology, the soul is further defined as that part of the individual which partakes of divinity and often is considered to survive the death of the body.

(4) ________ is the totality of human mind conscious and unconscious.

Correct Answer: Psyche

Explanation: In psychology, the psyche is the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious. Many thinkers, including Carl Jung, also include in this definition the overlap and tension between the personal and the collective elements in man.